By Henry Priebe
When I first aquired a small collection of Erie Railroad Magazines I had the idea to put them on the web in some form, I just didn't know any practical way to go about doing that.
Over the years I have aquired a lot of software and hardware for digitizing all sorts of things for use on the web. In early 2002 I got wrapped up in a historical map project involving thousands of PDF files which needed to be combined into volumes of maps. That started me off working with Adobe Acrobat ™.
While going through some of my Erie Magazine issues, after completing the PDF map project, the little light bulb in my head went off (play the Tool Time Tim Taylor "OH-NO" sound in your head here) and off to the flatbed scanner I went.
I had never actually tried to scan anything directly into PDF format, but I knew it could be done. I had made several abortive attempts at scanning Penn Central memorabilia into HTML format, but I ended up with these awful bloated javascript nightmare directories of files for every page and the resulting web pages wouldn't display worth a darn in older browsers. I frankly wasn't expecting the Erie Magazine page to come out even halfway decent looking after the OCR phase.
When it finished OCRing the page and displayed the output I was stunned! Not only did it look very good, but the text was very accurate for the page I had scanned. I kept going.
After about 4 hours of scanning and tinkering about I had the first complete Erie PDF Magazine. I uploaded it to the web server and fired off an email to the erielack list asking for opinions. I had a bunch more Eries that I could PDF, but I wasn't going to start converting them all if nobody cared about looking at them.
Within hours there were several very enthusiastic responses from Erie fans hoping to see more of them online. It was obvious at that point that this project was worth doing.
That was April 19, 2002.
Taking on a Life of Its Own
I did six more magazines over that weekend and people kept on reading them. My Fiance, Tammy, got involved and I taught her how to to do the scanning work on her computer and then I used our home network to copy them to my machine for the OCR work and graphics processing. It would take Tam two to three hours to scan an entire issue and then take me another two to three hours to do the OCR, corrections, graphics work and uploading. Why did it take longer with both of us working on it? It turned out that the first magazine I scanned in was one of the easier issues to process. In addition to dealing with yellowed pages and poor typesetting alignment by the original publishers we started to get picky about the imperfections we would let pass and I started getting into more involved graphics manipulation to reduce the total file size of the finished PDF magazines, some of the early ones were pretty huge.
Paul Tupaczewski graciously offered to loan us some E-L and Lackawanna Magazines to broaden the scope somewhat and then Rich Tubbs sent off his collection, Vince Lee sent the August '46 issue and Jon Liles sent off a batch. We really have our work cut for us as several others have volunteered to loan us several more issues.
About a month into the project we completely changed our production methodology in order to use more accurate OCR software. Unfortunately this integrated the scanning and OCR steps so only one of us could do both of them at any one time. I had been taking more and more time proofreading, making the OCR corrections and processing the graphics so Tammy decided she could learn how to do the OCR part of it. That meant going through another learning curve phase which cost more time, but the results were definitely worth it.
I got a little fanatical about reducing the overall file size for each issue which reached its pinnacle with the April of '59 issue at only 893K for 32 pages. A far cry from the first issues, some of which were over 8 megs! Despite the fact that the 4 of '59 issue is very readable I have since decided to sacrifice some bytes for graphics quality, especially with the magazine covers. Size does matter, a lot of people ae still using dialup connections and this project has alwys been geared toward downloading the PDF from the web server.
As my PDF toolbox has increased in size I have cut the production time for each issue while increasing the output quality. I've learned a lot of nifty tricks and I think I have found every darned bug in all the software we use! Compare some of the earlier issues with the ones done after the end of May, I was amazed at how much better they look. It currently takes 6 to 8 man-hours to convert a 36 page magazine into PDF format.
Tammy got into a morning routine of scanning pages and I got into one of finishing them in the afternoons after my regular work was out of the way. For a few weeks we were really churning out the issues!
Reality Bites
Then our one year old scanner died, we literally wore it out...
Then some of my company servers started crashing, I built 3 new ones in 45 days...
Then it started getting hot, we don't use much A/C in the summer...
We just couldn't get back into the groove so we decided to take a break for the rest of the summer and maybe get a few other things done.
We haven't done that many more magazines since then as quite a few other priorites keep trumping our hobbies, pesky things such as work, family, living situations, health issues and other mundane issues.
We have 78 issues completed so far and a few more on hand. Paul T has another batch of Lackawannas ready to send and several other folks are ready to ship off other Eries as soon as we are ready. It looks like this will be a long term project. We're about 500 man-hours into it so far...
Update: Availability of time has precluded me from continuing on this project. It's not dead, just hibernating for the moment. - Henry
While we couldn't have done this without the generous support of those who have loaned us issues, the biggest thanks goes out to Tammy Estep of Port Clinton, OH for tirelessly scanning issue after issue and painstakingly bolding by hand name after name in the gossip column of the Eries, an absolutely maddening process! We all owe her our gratitude!
Notes, Errata, Etc.
The PDF files are all set up for page by page delivery to web browsers which have an Acrobat™ plug-in installed. This distributes the data transfer over time as you browse it page by page which makes it much more bearable for folks on dialup connections.
We have stopped bolding the names in the gossip column. That will save about two hours per issue. I cannot get the OCR to do it even close to reliably and it just isn't worth doing it by hand.
There have been some typos and misspellings in the magazines. I wrestled with my conscience over whether or not to correct them for the PDF versions and I haven't been consistent about it. In the beginning I let them go as the original mistakes which they were. Then I started correcting them and now I have been leaving them there again, only now I attach a little PDF comment which can be clicked on for an explanation. I flag the comments to not print though, I'd like printings to be as close to the originals as possible.
I have tried to keep the railroad photos at a higher quality level than the social photos, we are doing this for Railfans after all! Recently I have started doing the magazine covers at a higher resolution than article photos so they look nicer. Advertisements get the lowest quality graphics unless they show something notable.
Some issues have full year calendars in them. I have paid special attention to those so they will print nicely. If you're like me then you use old RR calendars for the current year as long as the days match :)
The typefaces don't match the original magazines perfectly in any issue. The Erie used a funky seriffed typeface which was sort of a cross between Times and Courier and we have used both to replace it on occasion. I don't think it really hurts to much and it would be a HUGE deal to try to make it all match perfectly. Huge like taking twenty to twenty-four hours per magazine to do!
Right now there isn't a searchable master index to all the issues. I am keeping an eye out for practical way to do this. Individual issues can be searched from within Acrobat using the little binocular icon. Being able to text search issues is the main reason we kill ourselves doing the OCR.
I know some folks are using these for genealogy and we've worked hard to get all the names accurate in the retirements, obits and gossip columns. If they typoed a name there and I know it I will correct it. One of the primary reasons we switched software mid-stream was because the tiny text in the retirement and obit sections of the Eries would never come out decent and it was taking an hour or more to proofread and correct those.
Because some issues just aren't very white anymore the photo quality in those issues has suffered. We had to compromise with the contrast settings in order to get the text to OCR as accurately as possible. I wish it was all easier sometimes...
Even though we're hundreds of hours into the project we're still learning some new methods of improving the conversion process. Because of that there are little variations from issue to issue such as having article text half a point size different or a different typeface being used in a header or advert. I try to use what looks best at the time for each issue and I think the consistency has improved, but it still has a ways to go. I'm not kidding myself that I'll ever do a perfect issue, but I'll probably keep trying. I'll be an expert at generating PDFs by the time we're out of issues.
Regretfully, you can't cut-and-paste text from the issues. I have had problems in the past with people stealing my work, which I give away, to charge people for it and I have been starting to protect some things with watermarks and passwords. The PDFs have some security enabled to prevent this, but you can print them. Anyone who really wants to copy the info can figure out how to hack it or just ask me nicely to copy an article to text for them. If I do find out that someone is using our work for profit or distributing it without our permission I will seek legal recourse.
- J. Henry Priebe Jr.
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